Peter I, or Peter the Great (1672-1725), was one of the most outstanding rulers and reformers in Russian history. He was at first a joint ruler with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V, and his sister, Sophia. In 1696 he became a sole ruler. Peter I was Tsar of Russia and became Emperor in 1721. As a child, he loved military games and enjoyed carpentry, blacksmithing and printing. He was first married at the age of 17.
Peter I is famous for carrying out a policy of "westernization" and drawing Russia further to the East that transformed Russia into a major European power. Having travelled much in Western Europe, Peter tried to carry western customs and habits to Russia. He introduced western technology and completely changed the Russian government, increasing the power of the monarch and reducing the power of the boyars and the church. He reorganized Russian army along Western lines.
He also transferred the capital to St. Petersburg, building the new capital to the pattern o/European cities.
In foreign policy, Peter dreamt of making Russia a maritime power. To get access to the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Azov Sea and the Baltic, he waged wars with the Ottoman Empire (1695-1696), the Great Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721), and a war with Persia (1722-1723). He managed to get the shores of the Baltic and the Caspian Sea.
In his day, Peter
I was regarded as a strong and brutal ruler. He faced much
opposition to his reforms, but suppressed any and all rebellion
against his power. The rebellion of streltsy, the old Russian
army, took place in 1698 and was headed by his half-sister
Sophia. The greatest civilian uprising of Peter"s reign, the
Bulavin Rebellion (1707-1709) started as a Cossack war. Both
rebellions aimed at overthrowing Peter and were followed by
repressions.
Peter I played a great part in Russian history. After his death,
Russia was much more secure and progressive than it had been
before his reign.
Translate the
following sentences into English.
1. Петр Великий был одним из выдающихся правителей и
реформаторов в русской истории, который сначала правил совместно
со своим сводным братом и сестрой Софьей, затем стал править
самостоятельно, а позже стал императором России.
2. Петр I осуществлял политику «вестернизации», пытался
продвинуть Россию дальше на Восток и ввел западную технику.
3. Он превратил Россию в ведущую европейскую державу и попытался
перенести европейские обычаи и образ жизни в Россию.
4. Петр I усилил власть монарха, ослабил власть бояр и церкви и
реорганизовал русскую армию по западному образцу.
5. Он мечтал превратить Россию в морскую державу и вел войны с
Оттоманской империей, Швецией и Персией.
6. Он столкнулся с сильной оппозицией своим реформам, но
подавлял любые восстания против своей власти, и в свое время
считался сильным и жестоким правителем.
7. За крупнейшим гражданским восстанием во время правления Петра
последовали репрессии.
1. Peter the Great was one of the outstanding
rulers and reformers in Russian history, who first was a joint
ruler with his half-brother Ivan V and his sister Sophia, then
became a sole ruler, and later Emperor of Russia.
2. Peter I carried out a policy of" westernization", tried to
draw Russia further to the East and introduced western
technology.
3. He transformed Russia into a major European power and tried
to carry western customs and habits to Russia.
4. Peter I increased the power of the monarch, reduced the power
of the boyars and the church and reorganized Russian army along
the Western lines.
5. He dreamt of making Russia a maritime power and waged wars
with the Ottoman empire, Sweden and Persia.
6. He faced much opposition to his reforms, but suppressed any
and all rebellion against his power, and he was regarded in his
day as a strong and brutal ruler.
7. The greatest civilian uprising of Peter"s reign was followed
by repressions.
Из пособия "ЕГЭ. Английский язык.
Устные темы" Занина Е.Л. (2010, 272с.) - Part
two
.
Additional topics.
Peter I (30.05.1672 - 08.02.1725) - Russian Tsar.
Peter I was born on 30 May 1672. When Peter was a child several teachers were delegated to teach him. Among Peter’s tutors were Patrick Gordon, Nikita Zotov and Paul Menesius. This process was commissioned by Tsar Alexis I.
In 1676 Tsar Alexis I died. As a result the power was left to Feodor III who was Peter’s elder half-brother. He died in 1682 and there were not his descendants. Consequently there was a conflict for power between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin families. Other half-brother of Peter, Ivan V, was heir to the throne but his health declined. As a result at the age of ten Peter became Tsar chosen by the Boyar Duma.
Peter was interested in shipping and shipbuilding. He was a tall man and his height was about 200 cm. He did not have square shoulders and his feet and hands were small. Moreover Peter’s head was small for his figure. In accordance with his mother’s desire Peter married. The marriage was in 1689 and Eudoxia Lopukhina became his wife. 10 years later the marriage broke down and Peter’s wife became a nun.
In 1689 the power was in the hands of Peter’s half-sister Sophia. Because of two ineffective Crimean campaigns her authority was undermined and Peter planned to take power. Peter could become an independent ruler only in 1694 when his mother died. Officially there were two rulers: Peter and Ivan V. In 1696 Peter became the absolute ruler when Ivan V died.
On 19 August 1700 Peter declared war on Sweden. The main aim of the war was to acquire control of the Baltic Sea. At that time it was under Swedish Empire control. Denmark-Norway, Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth supported Peter. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad ended and the Russian Empire acquired control of the Baltic Sea. This war went down in history as Great Northern War.
In October 1721 Peter was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden recognized this title. Other monarchs did not agree with it. Some rulers were afraid that Peter would claim authority over them.
Peter imposed new taxes in the Russian Empire. The household tax and the land tax were abrogated. These two taxes were superseded with a poll tax. He also reformed the Russian Orthodox Church.
In 1724 Peter married for a second time to Catherine who was crowned as Empress. However he remained actual ruler of Russia. Peter had 2 wives and 14 children by them. Only 3 of his children survived to adulthood.
In 1723 Peter’s health declined. He had problems with bladder and urinary tract but he was cured. As legend has it in November 1724 while at Lakhta Peter was forced to rescue the soldiers drowning not far from shore.
Consequently his health became worse and these problems caused his death. Peter died on 8 February 1725.
Peter I was born on 30 May 1672. When Peter was a child several teachers were delegated to teach him. Among Peter’s tutors were Patrick Gordon, Nikita Zotov and Paul Menesius. This process was commissioned by Tsar Alexis I.In 1676 Tsar Alexis I died. As a result the power was left to Feodor III who was Peter’s elder half-brother. He died in 1682 and there were not his descendants. Consequently there was a conflict for power between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin families. Other half-brother of Peter, Ivan V, was heir to the throne but his health declined. As a result at the age of ten Peter became Tsar chosen by the Boyar Duma.Peter was interested in shipping and shipbuilding. He was a tall man and his height was about 200 cm. He did not have square shoulders and his feet and hands were small. Moreover Peter’s head was small for his figure. In accordance with his mother’s desire Peter married. The marriage was in 1689 and Eudoxia Lopukhina became his wife. 10 years later the marriage broke down and Peter’s wife became a nun.In 1689 the power was in the hands of Peter’s half-sister Sophia. Because of two ineffective Crimean campaigns her authority was undermined and Peter planned to take power. Peter could become an independent ruler only in 1694 when his mother died. Officially there were two rulers: Peter and Ivan V. In 1696 Peter became the absolute ruler when Ivan V died.On 19 August 1700 Peter declared war on Sweden. The main aim of the war was to acquire control of the Baltic Sea. At that time it was under Swedish Empire control. Denmark-Norway, Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth supported Peter. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad ended and the Russian Empire acquired control of the Baltic Sea. This war went down in history as Great Northern War.In October 1721 Peter was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden recognized this title. Other monarchs did not agree with it. Some rulers were afraid that Peter would claim authority over them.Peter imposed new taxes in the Russian Empire. The household tax and the land tax were abrogated. These two taxes were superseded with a poll tax. He also reformed the Russian Orthodox Church.In 1724 Peter married for a second time to Catherine who was crowned as Empress. However he remained actual ruler of Russia. Peter had 2 wives and 14 children by them. Only 3 of his children survived to adulthood.In 1723 Peter’s health declined. He had problems with bladder and urinary tract but he was cured. As legend has it in November 1724 while at Lakhta Peter was forced to rescue the soldiers drowning not far from shore.Consequently his health became worse and these problems caused his death. Peter died on 8 February 1725.
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Петр I - младший сын царя Алексея Михайловича от второго брака с Натальей Нарышкиной - родился 30 мая 1672 года. В детстве Петр получил домашнее образование, с юных лет знал немецкий язык, затем изучал голландский, английский и французский языки. С помощью дворцовых мастеров (столярное, токарное, оружейное, кузнечное и др.). Будущий император был физически крепкий, подвижный, любознательный и способный, обладал хорошей памятью.
В апреле 1682 года Петр был возведен на престол после смерти бездетного в обход своего сводного старшего брата Ивана. Однако сестра Петра и Ивана - и родственники первой жены Алексея Михайловича - Милославские использовали стрелецкое восстание в Москве для дворцового переворота. В мае 1682 года приверженцы и родственники Нарышкиных были убиты или сосланы, "старшим" царем был объявлен Иван, а Петр - "младшим" царем при правительнице Софье.
При Софье Петр жил в селе Преображенском под Москвой. Здесь из своих ровесников Петр сформировал "потешные полки" - будущую императорскую гвардию. В те же годы царевич познакомился с сыном придворного конюха Александром Меншиковым, который в последствии стал "правой рукой" императора.
Во 2-й половине 1680-х годов начались столкновения между Петром и Софьей Алексеевной, стремившейся к единовластию. В августе 1689 года, получив известия о подготовке Софьей дворцового переворота, Петр поспешно уехал из Преображенского в Троице-Сергиев монастырь, куда прибыли верные ему войска и его сторонники. Вооруженные отряды дворян, собранные гонцами Петра I, окружили Москву, Софья была отрешена от власти и заключена в Новодевичий монастырь, ее приближенные сосланы или казнены.
После смерти Ивана Алексеевича (1696) Петр I стал единодержавным царем .
Обладая сильной волей, целеустремленностью и большой работоспособностью, Петр I в течение всей жизни пополнял свои знания и навыки в различных областях, уделяя особое внимание военному и морскому делу. В 1689-1693 годы под руководством голландского мастера Тиммермана и русского мастера Карцева Петр I учился строить корабли на Переславском озере. В 1697-1698 годах во время первой заграничной поездки прошел полный курс артиллерийских наук в Кенигсберге, полгода работал плотником на верфях Амстердама (Голландия), изучая корабельную архитектуру и черчение планов, окончил теоретический курс кораблестроения в Англии .
По приказу Петра I за границей закупались книги, приборы, оружие, приглашались иностранные мастера и ученые. Петр I встречался с Лейбницем, Ньютоном и другими учеными, в 1717 году он был избран почетным членом Парижской Академии наук.
В годы царствования Петр I провел крупные реформы, направленные на преодоление отсталости России от передовых стран Запада. Преобразования коснулись всех сфер общественной жизни. Петр I расширил владельческие права помещиков над имуществом и личностью крепостных, заменил подворное обложение крестьян подушным, издал указ о посессионных крестьянах, которых разрешалось приобретать владельцам мануфактур, практиковал массовую приписку государственных и ясачных крестьян к казенным и частным заводам, мобилизацию крестьян и горожан в армию и на строительство городов, крепостей, каналов и др. Указ о единонаследии (1714) уравнял поместья и вотчины, предоставив их владельцам право передавать недвижимое имущество одному из сыновей, и тем самым закрепил дворянскую собственность на землю. Табель о рангах (1722) установил порядок чинопроизводства в военной и гражданской службе не по знатности, а по личным способностям и заслугам.
Петр I содействовал подъему производительных сил страны, поощрял развитие отечественных мануфактур, путей сообщения, внутренней и внешней торговли.
Реформы государственного аппарата при Петре I явились важным шагом на пути превращения русского самодержавия XVII века в чиновничье-дворянскую монархию XVIII века с ее бюрократией и служилыми сословиями. Место Боярской думы занял Сенат (1711), вместо приказов были учреждены коллегии (1718), контрольный аппарат представляли сначала "фискалы" (1711), а затем прокуроры во главе с генерал-прокурором. Взамен патриаршества была учреждена Духовная коллегия, или Синод, находившийся под контролем правительства. Большое значение имела административная реформа. В 1708-1709 вместо уездов, воеводств и наместничеств было учреждено 8 (затем 10) губерний во главе с губернаторами. В 1719 году губернии были разделены на 47 провинций.
Как военный деятель Петр I стоит в ряду наиболее образованных и талантливых строителей вооруженных сил, полководцев и флотоводцев русской и мировой истории ХVIII века. Делом всей его жизни было усиление военной мощи России и повышение ее роли на международной арене. Ему пришлось продолжать войну с Турцией, начавшуюся в 1686 году, вести многолетнюю борьбу за выход России к морю на Севере и на Юге. В результате Азовских походов (1695- 1696) русскими войсками был занят Азов, и Россия укрепилась на берегах Азовского моря. В долгой Северной войне (1700-1721) Россия под руководством Петра I добилась полной победы, получила выход к Балтийскому морю, что дало ей возможность установить непосредственные связи с западными странами. После Персидского похода (1722-1723) к России отошло западное побережье Каспийского моря с городами Дербент и Баку.
При Петре I впервые в истории России были учреждены постоянные дипломатические представительства и консульства за границей, отменены устаревшие формы дипломатических отношений и этикета.
Крупные реформы Петром I были проведены также в области культуры и просвещения. Появилась светская школа, была ликвидирована монополия духовенства на образование. Петром I были основаны Пушкарская школа (1699), Школа математических и навигацких наук (1701), медико-хирургическая школа; открыт первый русский общедоступный театр. В Санкт-Петербурге были учреждены Морская академия (1715), инженерная и артиллерийская школы (1719), школы переводчиков при коллегиях, открыт первый русский музей - Кунсткамера (1719) с публичной библиотекой. В 1700 году были введены новый календарь с началом года 1 января (вместо 1 сентября) и летосчисление от "Рождества Христова", а не от "Сотворения мира".
По распоряжению Петра I были проведены различные экспедиции, в том числе в Среднюю Азию, на Дальний Восток, в Сибирь, положено начало систематическому изучению географии страны и картографированию.
Петр I был дважды женат : на Евдокии Федоровне Лопухиной и на Марте Скавронской (позднее императрица Екатерина I); имел от первого брака сына Алексея и от второго - дочерей Анну и Елизавету (кроме них 8 детей Петра I умерли в раннем детстве).
Петр I умер в 1725 году, похоронен в Петропавловском соборе Петропавловской крепости в Санкт-Петербурге.
Материал подготовлен на основе информации из открытых источников
Peter I, or Peter the Great (1672-1725), was one of the most outstanding rulers and reformers in Russian history. He was at first a joint ruler with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V, and his sister, Sophia. In 1696 he became a sole ruler. Peter I was Tsar of Russia and became Emperor in 1721. As a child, he loved military games and enjoyed carpentry, blacksmithing and printing. He was first married at the age of 17.
Peter I is famous for carrying out a policy of "westernization" and drawing Russia further to the East that transformed Russia into a major European power. Having travelled much in Western Europe, Peter tried to carry western customs and habits to Russia. He introduced western technology and completely changed the Russian government, increasing the power of the monarch and reducing the power of the boyars and the church. He reorganized Russian army along Western lines.
He also transferred the capital to St. Petersburg, building the new capital to the pattern o/European cities.
In foreign policy, Peter dreamt of making Russia a maritime power. To get access to the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Azov Sea and the Baltic, he waged wars with the Ottoman Empire (1695—1696), the Great Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721), and a war with Persia (1722-1723). He managed to get the shores of the Baltic and the Caspian Sea.
In his day, Peter I was regarded as a strong and brutal ruler. He faced much opposition to his reforms, but suppressed any and all rebellion against his power. The rebellion of streltsy, the old Russian army, took place in 1698 and was headed by his half-sister Sophia. The greatest civilian uprising of Peter"s reign, the Bulavin Rebellion (1707—1709) started as a Cossack war. Both rebellions aimed at overthrowing Peter and were followed by repressions.
Peter I played a great part in Russian history. After his death, Russia was much more secure and progressive than it had been before his reign.
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